TOPIC : INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DEFINITION

Information technology is defined as the use of computer hardware and software to store ,retrieve ,and manipulate information.


Often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology (ICT). In 2012, Zuppo proposed an ICT hierarchy where each hierarchy level "contain some degree of commonality in that they are related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated communications. Business/IT was one level of the ICT hierarchy.

The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, engineering, healthcare, e-commerce and computer services.

Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating and communicating information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 BC, but the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.

Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD), mechanical (1450–1840), electromechanical (1840–1940) electronic (1940–present), and moreover, IT as a service. This article focuses on the most recent period (electronic), which began in about 1940.

APPLICATION OF IT


(A) FIELD: EDUCATION


-Today, educators are turning to computers to assist with education. Many schools and companies equip labs and classroom with computers


USAGE

-Teachers:Use IT to do research fr teaching materials, participate in online forum and online reference,use software

-Students: use it as a reference tools for finding information in the internet.

-School Administrator : Use IT for keeping students and teachers record


Example :

-Courseware: Computer programs or other material designed for use in an educational or training course.

-Educational portal : A method of learning in which students choose their materials and use them to study on their own

-Web based learning : Learning process using or via internet

(B)FIELD: FINANCE


-Many peoples and companies use computer to help manage their finance.



Usage :

- Companies use IT to balance checkbooks ,paybills ,track personal record income and expenses,manage investment,and evaluate financial plans.


Example:

-Online banking : Is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank to conduct financial transactions on a website operated by the bank

-Finance Investment System: A system that allow investors buy and sells stocks and bonds online,with/without using a broker.

-Electronic Payment System : Financial exchange that takes place online between buyers and sellers

(C)FIELD: GOVERNMENT


-Most government offices have their own websites to provide society with up-to-date information and services.


Usage:

- To provide citizens with up-to-date information through the government websites

- Helps to enchance the convenience,accessibility,and quality of interactions between the government and citizens.

-Employees of government agencies use IT as part of their daily routine


Example :

-mygovernment

-e-Filing : Online system that declaring tax

-e-Penyata Gaji dan Laporan : Online system that allow government staffs to view and print monthly pay slip.

-HRMIS-Aplikasi Sistem Maklumat Pengurusan Sumber Manusia

-Portal Jabtan Perkhidmatan Awam

-e-SPKB-Sistem Perancangan Kawalan Belanjawan Elektronik.

-e-Perolehan-The Electronic Procument System

(D)FIELD: HEALTHCARE

-Nearly every area of healthcare today uses computers for various purposes:


Usage:

-Hospitals and doctors use IT to mantain and access patient records,store personal health history icluding prescriptions,lab test result ,doctor visit allergies and immunization.

-Doctors use e-mail to corresponds with patient.


Example:

-Telemedicine : Healthcare professionals in separate locations conduct live conferences on the computer regarding their patients.

-Telesurgery : A doctor at one location can have a conference with a doctor at another location to discuss a bone X-ray.

-Medline :Many website provide up to date medical ,fitness, nutrition, or exercise information.

-Counter registration system

(E)FIELD: SCIENCE

-Breakthroughs in surgery ,medicine,& treatments often result from scientist's use of computers.


Usage :

-Use computers to assist them with collecting,analyzing,and modelling data.

-Scientist also use the internet to communicate with collegues around the world.


Example :

-A cochlear implant : It is a embedded chip that allows a deaf person to listen

-An electrodes implant : Electrodes implanted in the brain stop tremors associated with parkinson disease

-A neural network : A system that attempts to immitate the behaviour of human brain

(F)FIELD: PUBLISHING

-The process of making works available to the public. These works include books ,magazines, newspapers , music, films, and video.

-Many publisher make their work available online and some websites allow you to copy the work such as a book or music.


Example of Applications :

-Special software assists graphic designers in developing pages that includes text ,graphic, and photo.

-Artist in compasing and enchancing songs.

-Filmmakers in creating and editing films.

(G)FIELD: TRAVEL

-Vehicles manufactured today often include some type of onboard navigation system to help you navigate from one location to another.

-Many mobile devices such as smart phones have built-in-navigation systems.


Examples:

-Car navigation system by global positioning system : is a radio navigation system that allows land,sea, and airborne users to determine the exact location,velocity,and time of their destination.

-Automatic roaming by global system for mobile communications (gsm) : Telecommunication companies provides automatic roaming for travellers to travel abroad.

-Online intelligence Transportations IS (ITIS) : The application of advanced information and communication technology to surface transportation in order to achieve enchanched safety and mobility while reducing the environmental impact of transportation.

-Online Reservations :Transportation and accomodation reservation can be done through a website.

(H)FIELD MANUFACTURING


-Latest technology have helped in making manufacturing process more effective.


Usage:

-Reduce product development costs

-Shorten a product's time to market

-Stay ahead of the competition


Example

-Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) : The use  of computer software to control machine tools and related machinery in the manufacturing of work pieces

-Computer-aided design (CAD) :The use of computer systems to assist in the creation,modification ,analysis or optimization of a design.

-A Bar Code System : All products are bar coded and can be read by the computer scanner to help in determining prices and managing inventory

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